Similarities between Martin Luther Kings Letter from...

Even the most cursory analysis of Letter From Birmingham Jail by Martin Luther King, Jr. and A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift reveals glaring differences between the two essays. Surprisingly, a side-by-side comparison also yields many similarities between the two works. The most obvious similarity between the two essays is the overarching theme of the subject matter. In both essays, the writers address deeply-entrenched social injustices. For example, in Letter From Birmingham Jail, King, in his highly-impassioned and evocative style, submits a powerful essay that addresses racial segregation in the American South during the 1950s and 1960s. In his letter, King mentions that the brutal history of the American Negros†¦show more content†¦In spite of the radical differences between Swifts and Kings literary devices and the forthrightness of their solutions to socially-unjust laws and practices, there remain many similarities between the two essays that need to be explored further. King made several references to Christian Biblical stories, especially from the Gospels, in Letter From Birmingham Jail. Kings letter takes on a religious, almost-grandiose proportion with King likening his quest for racial equality to a Christian mission: I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the eighth-century prophets left their little villages...I too am compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my particular hometown (1). While Swift certainly does not adopt the persona of a religious man in A Modest Proposal, his essay also contains religious elements, albeit comments made in an underhanded jest. Swift makes a few jibes at Roman Catholicism, stating that, if his proposal were implemented, a collateral benefit would be that, due to the higher reproduction rate of Roman Catholics in Ireland, the kingdom would be made a better place by lessening the number of Papists LAST NAME 4 among us. Swift extends such condescension to

Positive Communication and Its Effect on Interpersonal...

Abstract This paper provides information about what positive communication is and the effect it has on interpersonal relationships. Positive Communication and Its Effect on Interpersonal Relationships The more effectively people communicate with their significant other, the more satisfying and successful their relationship will be. Most people will agree that in order to have a successful relationship it requires positive and effective communication. What is positive communication? Bill Mansell, President of MindPerk Inc. states that â€Å"positive relationships can mean the difference between success or failure in our business, family and personal life. And, communication is the key to these relationships.† Mansell shares ten steps†¦show more content†¦Negotiation means sometimes bending to meet your partner half way, coming to a happy medium, or agreeing to disagree. Not every conflict will have a resolution primarily because both partners come from different backgrounds, cultures and families. Through positive communication a couple should be able to agree to disagree when not able to negotiate. Sometimes couples encounter differences in decisions in which compromise is not possible. Rosenblatt and Rieks define compromise as, â€Å"a settlement in which each side gives up some demands or makes concessions.† â€Å"In couple relationships one partner’s self-interests may conflict with the interests of the other. Some times, conflict may be resolved through concessions at the expense of one’s own immediate self-interests for the interest of the partner or relationship, but then the concession may be made with the expectation that the partner will make comparable concessions in the future.† (Rosenblatt amp; Rieks, 2009). Remember that your relationship is a two way street and therefore, your communication should be as well. You cannot have an effective relationship if your motto is, â€Å"my way or the highway.† Finally, positive communication includes honesty. We should not only be honest to and about one another, but to and about ourselves. Even though we think the truth may hurt ourShow MoreRelatedInterpersonal Communication And The Workplace946 Words   |  4 PagesInterpersonal communication in the workplace is developed positively or negatively on the individual relationships we have combined with our human behaviors and human actions within each of those relationships. There are many things that can affect interpersonal communications within the workplace, from generational that create technological gaps, to diversity and tolerance it creates, and finally the type of workplace, is it a team environment encouraging inclusiveness within the organization orRead MoreInterpersonal Relationships And Its Effects On The Family And Community822 Words   |  4 Pagesneed for interpersonal relationships including intimate, business, and family relationships, and friendship. The topic of interp ersonal relationships has been an area of concern for many disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, and psychology. Academicians aim to discover the combination of factors that sustain or hinder interpersonal relations and why people need them. In this quest, many theories, concepts, and axioms have been proposed to explain the complex notion of interpersonal relationshipsRead MoreExpectancy Violation Theory And Its Significance1650 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction The research reviews expectancy violation theory and its significance in understanding interpersonal communication. The theory highlights the unexpected behavior of human being while interacting (Dainton, 2011). This theory is based on the reduction uncertainty where ambiguity on behaviors of others is reduced through interaction. Expectancy violations theory offers some prospect to compare the personality of traditional empiricism with humanism. The theory wasRead MoreCommunication Plays a Vital Role in Interpersonal Relationships1312 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication Plays a Vital Role in Interpersonal Relationships Interpersonal communication is a very important forms of communication that is vital to all society and human beings, since humans are sociable people we enjoy interacting with one another on many different levels. When we do not understand how to communicate properly with each other poor communication skills is the main cause of many broken relationships and marriages . To understand communication we have to understand that communicationRead MoreCommunication Is the Process of Delivery or Transfer of Information or Messages from One Person to Another Person1477 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication is the process of delivery or transfer of information or messages from one person to another person. This process of creating an understanding of other individuals about the information presented and would like this process requires an understanding that can be shared. When communication occurs, it impacts on the receiver and transmitter. There are various types of communication can occur between smiling, waving, touching, say hello, and so forth. However, the manner of communicationRead MoreSocial Medi Bringing Us Together Or Tearing Us Apart?1099 Words   |  5 Pagespersonal relationships in cyberspace. (Rheingold, 1993, The Virtual Community,). Thus individuals create new social networks where they can exchange information anytime, anywhere, depending on their needs and desires. Issues such as that new information technologies can interfere interpersonal relationships are increasingly questioned by several studies that analyze the impact positive and negative to the use and abuse leads. The aim of this essay is to discuss the pros and cons of the effects that areRead MoreCommunication Skills And Interpersonal Problem Solving Skills Effect Adolescent s Social Self Efficacy988 Words   |  4 Pageshow communication skills and interpersonal problem solving skills effect adolescent’s social self-efficacy, the belief in one’s own abilities. Before th e study begins, Erozkan defines how communication, interpersonal relationships, and self-efficacy relate. Communication is a crucial element in forming long-lasting interpersonal relationships, which is an important aspect in adolescents developing positive self-efficacy (Erozkan, 2013). Adolescents begin to acquire life-long interpersonal relationshipsRead MoreThe Importance of Interpersonal Communication1186 Words   |  5 Pages------------------------------------------------- The Impact of Interpersonal Communication for Startup Business in TANRI ABENG UNIVERSITY ------------------------------------------------- English for Academic Purpose Naimy Zam Zam / Corporate Communication / 13.013 Abstract This research proposal contains the analysis about interpersonal communication in startup business The Impact of Interpersonal Communication in Startup Businesses Introduction These days, there are so many startupRead MoreWhat Makes An Athlete Successful? Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesof is the communication that the athlete has been surrounded by while playing their game. Interpersonal communication in sport plays a large role in the success of an athlete, and the impact of it starts as soon as we get involved in sport. For some of us that involvement begins when we are toddlers, and for others it may come later in life. The interpersonal relationships athletes develop through sport are coach to player, parent to player, and player to player. Within these relationships are factorsRead MoreImportance of Interpersonal Communication Skills in Healthcare Professions1558 Words   |  7 PagesImportance of Interpersonal Communication sills in Healthcare Professions Interpersonal communication is a fundamental element to any healthcare interaction. First, second and third person communication skills are primary aspects of an interaction, encompassing both verbal and non-verbal communication skills. It will be argued that rapport building and questioning are vital interpersonal skills in a healthcare context and possessing the ability to ensue a positive relationship between a healthcare

Capital Budgeting Panasonic Manufacturing Malaysia Berhad Synopsis Accounting Essay Example For Students

Capital Budgeting Panasonic Manufacturing Malaysia Berhad Synopsis Accounting Essay Panasonic Manufacturing Malaysia Berhad is engaged in the industry and sale of electrical place contraptions, batteries and related constituents. The Company chiefly operates in Malaysia, Japan, Asia/Middle East and others. The Company holds a 40 % equity involvement in its associated company, Panasonic Malaysia Sdn. Bhd, a company incorporated in Malaysia. The chief activities of the associated company consist of the gross revenues of consumer electronic merchandises, place contraptions, batteries, office mechanization, undertaking systems and room air-conditioners under the trade name name, Panasonic. In the late 2011, the production in Panasonic works in Thailand was suspended due to deluge catastrophe experienced. Minimizing the hazard, the board member reassigning 40 % of production line from Panasonic Manufacturing Co. Ltd ( Thailand ) to Panasonic Manufacturing Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. Production of certain constituent will be shifted to Malaysia. Due to increasing of production capacity, Panasonic Manufacturing Malaysia Sdn. Bhd urged to put a set of machine for production. Outline1 Introduction2 Company BACKROUND3 Issue4 Question5 Solution:6 Depreciation ( Straight line method )7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 Cash Flow DWDAE Co. , Ltd. :16 A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22 A23 A24 A25 A26 A27 A28 A29 A30 A31 A32 A33 A34 A35 A36 A37 A38 A39 A40 A41 A42 A43 A44 A45 A46 A47 A48 A49 A50 A51 A52 A53 A54 A55 A56 A57 A58 A59 Interest Paid60 Income Tax61 Present Value of Net hard currency flow62 Net Present Value ( NPV ) :63 A64 A65 A66 A67 Payback Time period:68 A69 A70 A71 A72 A73 Discounted Payback Period:74 A75 A76 A77 A78 A79 Profitability Index80 A81 A82 A83 A84 Depreciation ( Straight line method ) for WCHCME CO. , LTD.85 A86 A87 A88 A89 A90 A91 A92 A93 Cash Flow WCHCME Co. , Ltd.94 A95 A96 A97 A98 A99 A100 A101 A102 A103 A104 A105 A106 A107 A108 A109 A110 A111 A112 A113 A114 A115 A116 A117 A118 A119 A120 A121 A122 A123 A124 A125 A126 A127 A128 A129 A130 A131 A132 A133 Interest Paid134 Income Tax135 Present Value of Net hard currency flow136 Net Present Value ( N PV ) :137 A138 A139 A140 A141 Payback Time period:142 A143 A144 A145 A146 A147 Discounted Payback Period:148 A149 A150 A151 A152 Profitability Index153 A154 A155 A156 A157 By all this affair, we conclude to take WCHCME CO. , LTD.. For the most match undertaking choosen. Introduction Natural catastrophe is one of unpredictable factors which affect company benefit and even company s sustainability. Most of natural catastrophes contributed some intervention in production lines of merchandises in a works, for case inundation that often occur in Thailand. It is making some jobs that drive the companies which located in the afloat country into immense losingss in every facets of concern. Panasonic Corporation is one of the companies which have suffered from this natural catastrophe. The issue and the fact that inundation is the dominant jeopardy in Thailand, with 1.5 events per twelvemonth is being concerned as serious issue to be addressed shortly by Panasonic Corporation as parent company in order to minimise the Panasonic planetary loss in the hereafter. It is accordingly will allow Panasonic keep its leading in electronics merchandises. The Board Directors come up with the thought which is reassigning the 40 % production capacity from Panasonic Manufacturing ( Thailand ) Co. , Ltd to Panasonic Manufacturing Malaysia Bhd. This new scheme is aimed to minimise the hazard of the company from the future natural catastrophe, because Malaysia is comparatively low hazard in term of natural catastrophe if compared to Thailand. Some harm on production machines and equipments in Panasonic Manufacturing ( Thailand ) Co. , Ltd as the consequence of inundation, authorities s supporting, state s good substructure and first-class quality of its human resource may act upon the determination of taking Panasonic Manufacturing Malaysia Bhd. by Panasonic Board Directors. Extra production capacity in Panasonic Manufacturing Malaysia Bhd. will take the several direction and the Board of Directors into no option except buying new machines and equipments which accordingly bare the company s capital. Therefore, some units be aftering are established to gauge the investing s demands and hazards in order to ease the board managers to bring forth a low-risk determination. Company BACKROUND In the late 1920s Matsushita Electrical Industrial Co. Ltd. was founded by Konosuke Matsushita, nowadays its called Panasonic. Panasonic is a Nipponese flag transnational electronics corporation headquartered in Kadoma, Osaka Japan. Panasonic has grown as elephantine electronic corporation alongside Sony, Toshiba and Canon. In add-on electronic, Panasonic offer non-electronic merchandises and services every bit good, such as place redevelopment and building technology. Panasonic is the universe s 5th largest telecasting maker and semiconducting material seller. The well-known recognized trade name Panasonic has a long narrative behind the popular family name and the scope of extended consumer durable goodss that carry its label stands its maker, the foundation of the trade name s success, Panasonic Manufacturing Malaysia Berhad PMMA. In Malaysia Panasonic has a long-standing presence for more than 30 old ages since it was established in 1976. Through out the old ages Panasonic has observed a Swift or advancement from its low start as a manufacturer of dry cell battery to Malaysian giant maker taking in electronic contraptions. Soon, Panasonic trade name name has emerged as one of the most welcome and sure trade name name for electrical and place contraption chosen by most Malayan families. At Panasonic, it industry, operate and present maintain a series of merchandise scope with globally competitory theoretical accounts under the Panasonic trade name name to the market, integrating new characteristics, enhanced capableness and improved quality, and every bit of import, with our first-class after-sales-services. Panasonic Malaysia Manufacturing Berhad-PMMA, was listed in KLSE on 14 December 1966. Nowadays Panasonic Malaysia Manufacturing Berhad holding RM 60,7 million paid up capital and RM 701 million turnover, and 1030 figure of employee. And the company mission to lend Malayan growing We dedicated ourselves to the development of the state and to the development of our industry. In our enterprises, we hope to better the quality of life around us. Profit entirely will non be our chief end: we will besides seek for ways to profit society ( PMMA Annual Report, 2011 ) For the 2nd back-to-back twelvemonth, the Company achieved double-digit growing in its gross and for the fiscal twelvemonth ended 31 March 2011, the Company achieved gross of RM761.4 million an addition of RM81.6 million from the old fiscal twelvemonth s gross of RM679.8 million. The higher gross stemmed chiefly from the higher export gross revenues to the Middle East part and the full impact on the transportation of industry and gross revenues of certain nutrient processor and drinker theoretical accounts from Japan to Malaysia in the fiscal twelvemonth under reappraisal. The leading gross revenues public presentation coupled with the execution of cost decrease steps, improved operational efficiencies, higher involvement income and foreign exchange addition enabled the Company to accomplish a singular combined net income before revenue enhancement of RM101.8 million for the twelvemonth ended 31 March 2011. This represents an admirable addition of 28 % or RM22.5 million against the old twelvemonth s combined net income before revenue enhancement of RM79.3 million. The Company s portion of its associated company s post-tax net income was RM8.4 million ( 2010: RM 6.8 million ) Panasonic Malaysia Sdn Bhd posted amalgamate gross of RM1.7 billion for the fiscal twelvemonth ended 31 March 2011 ; an betterment of 7.3 % compared with the old fiscal twelvemonth. The pre-tax and post-tax net incomes from its group operations were RM30.4 million ( 2010: RM23.0 million ) and RM21.1 million ( 2010: RM17.0 million ) severally With the pronounced betterment in public presentation, the Board of Directors is pleased to urge a concluding dividend of 35 cent per portion and a particular dividend of 95 cent per ordinary portion, less 25 % income revenue enhancement. This brings a entire dividend of 145 cent ( 2010: 120 cent ) per portion for the fiscal twelvemonth ended 31 March 2011. This sum represents an addition of 20.8 % from the last fiscal twelvemonth. The Board believes that the systematically high dividend payment twelvemonth after twelvemonth has garnered much involvement amongst the investing community on the portions of the Company. The portion monetary value of the Company has been lifting steadily during the fiscal twelvemonth under reappraisal shutting at RM21.50 on 31 March 2011. This rise in portion monetary value gives an impressive capital grasp to medium and long-run investors. Panasonic had unrelentingly attained a series of fabricating invention accomplishments and productiveness betterments, amongst others: Re-layout of assembly lines to increase production capacity for higher gross revenues demand. Enhancement of assorted procedures to better the end product capacity and to cut down CO2 emanation. Invention of mould plating engineering which resulted in lower care cost and better quality. Review of in-house plastic parts injection rhythm clip which resulted in large nest eggs. Application of new engineering on top of the bing know-how. Besides fabrication invention, the Company besides focused on merchandise invention on new characteristics, capableness and quality. In this context, the applied scientists from the Company s Product Development and Engineering Department had managed to develop 179 new theoretical accounts of assorted merchandises this twelvemonth. In order to better further in merchandise development, merchandise designs and degree of client satisfaction, the employees had visited the Panasonic client service subdivisions and service centres to listen to the voice of clients straight. This coaction had brought a batch of common benefits to all concerns, and enabled the squads to develop and present more competitory merchandises via client feedback. As a responsible maker, the Company undergoes regular audit to guarantee assorted quality criterions are adhered to. In the twelvemonth under reappraisal, the hearers from Panasonic Corporation, Japan Headquarter carried out rigorous audit on the Company s proficient and quality system to guarantee that it is in line with the Quality Policy of Japan Headquarters and we are pleased to inform that they were satisfied with the Company s quality systems. In recognizing that the sustainability and prosperity of the Company is extremely dependent on its employees, the Company introduced a new assessment system with bipartisan communicating, flexible working hours and offered particular inducement for employees who get cognition in adjustment, completing and injection accomplishments, Appropriate actions were besides taken to turn to concerns raised by employees via the Employee Opinion Survey. The Company will go on to keep optimal verve of the full administration by placing high possible staff and supply equal development for them to presume higher place. Hiking to Understanding EssayNet Present Value ( NPV ) Payback Period Discounted Payback Period Internal rate of return ( IRR ) and Profitability Index ( PI ) 2. Compare your consequence above an advice the board of managers of the company which of the two undertaking machine to set about. Your advice should explicate why you regard your pick as the best undertaking. Decision Solution: Pick the information to pull the hard currency flow: DWDAE CO. , LTD. WCHCME CO. , LTD. aˆ? The purchase monetary value 40 000 55 000 aˆ? Age economical machine 5 twelvemonth 5 twelvemonth aˆ? Labor costs / twelvemonth 12,000 14,000 aˆ? Cost of installing of machinery 10,000 12,000 aˆ? Care costs: First twelvemonth 4500 8800 The addition per twelvemonth 550 850 aˆ? residuary value engine ( twelvemonth 4 ) 8,000 10,000 aˆ? Receipt of hard currency: The first twelvemonth 45 000 60 000 The addition per twelvemonth 5,000 7,500 aˆ? Income revenue enhancement 30 % 30 % Depreciation ( Straight line method ) Year 0: 40,000 Year 1: ( 8,000 ) Depreciation Year 2: ( 8,000 ) Depreciation Year 3: ( 8,000 ) Depreciation Year 4: ( 8,000 ) Depreciation Balance: 8,000 ( Book Value ) RM 8,000 ( Book Value ) = RM 8,000 ( Price of machinery sold in twelvemonth 4 or Market Value ) Note = if the company may sell the machine above the monetary value value, so the net income from the sale will be capable to revenue enhancement ( Cash escape ) , but if the machine is sold below the monetary value book value, the company will acquire revenue enhancement freedom ( hard currency influx ) Undertaking DWDAE CO. , LTD A A A A Year 1 2 3 4 Depreciation of Machine/year ( 40,000/5 ) 8000 A A A A Value of machine-year 4 ( book value ) 40,000 32,000 24,000 16,000 8,000 Monetary value machinery sold in twelvemonth 4 8,000 Cash Flow DWDAE Co. , Ltd. : Undertaking DWDAE CO. , LTD A A A A Year 1 2 3 4 A A A A A A Cash Flow-Out ( RM ) A A A A A The Purchase monetary value ( Initial Outlay ) 40,000 A A A A labour Cost per twelvemonth A 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 Cost of installing machinery 10,000 A A A A Care Cost A 4,500 5,050 5,600 6,150 Interest paid A 2800 2400 2000 2000 Entire Cash Out Flow 50,000 19,300 19,450 19,600 20,150 A A Cash In Flow ( RM ) A A A A A Receipt of Cash A 45,000 50,000 55,000 60,000 Residual value of engine ( twelvemonth 4 ) A A A A 8,000 Entire Cash In Flow 45000 50000 55000 68000 Surplus/Deficit ( Cash in Flow- Cash escape ) -50,000 25,700 30,550 35,400 47,850 Income Tax ( 30 % ) A -7710 -9165 -10620 -14355 Taxs of the gross revenues of machine A A A A Cash Flow cyberspace ( Surplus- Income revenue enhancement ) -50,000 17,990 21,385 24,780 33,495 Interest Paid So, involvement rate of 7 % the first twelvemonth, 6 % the 2nd twelvemonth and 5 % for the 3rd and 4th old ages. Interest Paid = Interest rate per twelvemonth X purchase monetary value ( Initial Outlay ) 1st twelvemonth: 7 % x 40,000 = 2,800 2nd twelvemonth: 6 % x 40,000 = 2,400 3rd twelvemonth: 5 % x 40,000 = 2,000 4th twelvemonth: 5 % x 40,000 = 2,000 Income Tax Income revenue enhancement = per centum of income revenue enhancement ten ( Surplus Per twelvemonth ) 1st twelvemonth: 30 % x 25,700 = RM 7,710 2nd twelvemonth: 30 % x 30,550 = RM 9,165 3rd twelvemonth: 30 % x 35,400 = RM 10,620 4th twelvemonth: 30 % x 47,850 = RM 14,355 Present Value of Net hard currency flow After we get the Net hard currency flow, next we will seek for present value of each hard currency flow each twelvemonth to the present. 33,495 24,780 21,385 17,990 50,000 1st twelvemonth PV = Initial Outlay = 17,990 = 16,062.50 2nd twelvemonth PV = Initial Outlay = 21,385 = 17,047.99 3rd twelvemonth PV = Initial Outlay = 24,780 = 17,637.99 4th twelvemonth PV = Initial Outlay = 33,495 = 21,286.68 Net Present Value ( NPV ) : Undertaking DWDAE CO. , LTD A A A A Year 1 2 3 4 Net Cash Flow ( Surplus-tax ) -50,000 17,990 21,385 24,780 33,495 Present value of Net Cash Flow ( RM ) -50,000 16,062.50 17,047.99 17,637.91 21,286.68 = -50,000 + 16,062.50 + 17,047.99 + 17,637.91 + 21,286.68 = RM 22, 035 Payback Time period: Undertaking DWDAE CO. , LTD A A A A Year 1 2 3 4 Net Cash Flow ( Surplus-tax ) -50,000 17,990 21,385 24,780 33,495 Payback Period -50,000 -32,010 -10,625 14,155 A In Payback period It must be looked at the normal net hard currency flow 1st twelvemonth: -50,000 + 17,990 = -32,010 2nd twelvemonth: -32,010 + 21,385 = -10,625 3rd twelvemonth: -10, 625 + 24,780 = 14,155 ( Between twelvemonth 2 and twelvemonth 3 ) Payback period = 2 + 10,625 = 2, 6024 twelvemonth 24,780 So its 2,6024 twelvemonth Discounted Payback Period: Undertaking DWDAE CO. , LTD A A A A Year 1 2 3 4 Present value of Net Cash Flow ( RM ) -50,000 16,062.50 17,047.99 17,637.91 21,286.68 Discounted Payback Period -50,000 -33,938 -16,890 748 A In Discounted Payback period It must be looked at the Present Value of Net hard currency flow 1st twelvemonth: -50,000 + 16,062.50 = -33,938 2nd twelvemonth: -33,938 + 17,047.99 = -16,8890 3rd twelvemonth: -16,890 + 17,637.91 = 748 ( Between twelvemonth 2 and twelvemonth 3 ) Discounted Payback period = 2 + 16,890 = 2, 9576 twelvemonth 17,637.91 So its 2,9576 twelvemonth Internal Rate of Return ( IRR ) -501.1449 30 % ten 12 % 22,035 30 % Ten = -501.1449 0 X 12 % 0 22,035 30 % ten = ( ten 12 % ) A- 0.02274 0.3 ten = 0.02274 x 0.002729 0.3 + 0.002729 = 0.02274 ten + ten 0.302729 = 1.02274 ten X = 0.2959 X = 29.59 % Profitability Index Undertaking DWDAE CO. , LTD A A A A Year 1 2 3 4 Present value of Net Cash Flow ( RM ) -50,000 16,062.50 17,047.99 17,637.91 21,286.68 Profitability index: 16,062.50 + 17,047.99 + 17,637.91 + 21,286.68 = 1.4407 50,000 Depreciation ( Straight line method ) for WCHCME CO. , LTD. Year 0: 55,000 Year 1: ( 11,000 ) Depreciation Year 2: ( 11,000 ) Depreciation Year 3: ( 11,000 ) Depreciation Year 4: ( 11,000 ) Depreciation Balance: 11,000 ( Book Value ) RM 11,000 ( Book Value ) a†° RM 10,000 ( Price of machinery sold in twelvemonth 4 or Market Value ) Tax charged/ Tax exempt from gross revenues machine = ( 10,000 11,000 ) A- 30 % = -1,000 A- 30 % = 300 ( Cash influx ) Note = if the company may sell the machine above the monetary value value, so the net income from the sale will be capable to revenue enhancement ( Cash escape ) , but if the machine is sold below the monetary value book value, the company will acquire revenue enhancement freedom ( hard currency influx ) Undertaking WCHCME CO. , LTD A A A A Year 1 2 3 4 Depreciation of Machine/year 11000 A A A A Value of machine-year 4 ( book value ) 55,000 44,000 33,000 22,000 11,000 Monetary value machinery sold in twelvemonth 4 10,000 Cash Flow WCHCME Co. , Ltd. Undertaking WCHCME Co. , Ltd A A A A Year 1 2 3 4 A A Cash Flow-Out ( RM ) A A A A A The Purchase monetary value ( Initial Outlay ) 55,000 A A A A Labor Cost per twelvemonth A 14,000 14,000 14,000 14,000 Cost of installing machinery 12,000 A A A A Care Cost A 8,800 9,650 10,500 11,350 Interest paid A 3850 3300 2750 2750 Entire Cash Flow-Out 67,000 26,650 26,950 27,250 28,100 A A Cash Flow In ( RM ) A A A A A Receipt of Cash A 60,000 67,500 75,000 82,500 Residual value of engine ( twelvemonth 4 ) A A A A 10,000 Entire Cash Flow -In 60000 67500 75000 92500 Surplus/Deficit ( RM ) -67,000 33,350 40,550 47,750 64,400 income Tax ( 30 % ) A -10005 -12165 -14325 -19320 Taxs of the gross revenues of machine A A A A 300 Cash Flow cyberspace ( Surplus-tax ) -67,000 23,345 28,385 33,425 45,380 Interest Paid So, involvement rate of 7 % the first twelvemonth, 6 % the 2nd twelvemonth and 5 % for the 3rd and 4th old ages. Interest Paid = Interest rate per twelvemonth X purchase monetary value ( Initial Outlay ) 1st twelvemonth: 7 % x 55,000 = 3,850 2nd twelvemonth: 6 % x 55,000 = 3,300 3rd twelvemonth: 5 % x 55,000 = 2,750 4th twelvemonth: 5 % x 55,000 = 2,750 Income Tax Income revenue enhancement = per centum of income revenue enhancement A- ( Surplus Per twelvemonth ) 1st twelvemonth: 30 % x 33,350 = RM 10,005 2nd twelvemonth: 30 % x 40,550 = RM 12,165 3rd twelvemonth: 30 % x 47,750 = RM 14,325 4th twelvemonth: 30 % x 64,400 = RM 19,320 Present Value of Net hard currency flow After we get the Net hard currency flow, next we will seek for present value of each hard currency flow each twelvemonth to the present. 45,380 33,425 28,385 23,345 67,000 1st twelvemonth PV = Initial Outlay = 23,345 = 20,478.07 2nd twelvemonth PV = Initial Outlay = 28,385 = 21,841.34 3rd twelvemonth PV = Initial Outlay = 33,425 = 22,560.92 4th twelvemonth PV = Initial Outlay = 45,380 = 26,868.60 Net Present Value ( NPV ) : Undertaking DWDAE CO. , LTD A A A A Year 1 2 3 4 Net Cash Flow ( Surplus-tax ) -67,000 23,345 28,385 33,425 45,380 Present value of Cash Flow ( RM ) -67,000 20,478.07 21,841.34 22,560.92 26,868.6 = -67,000 + 20,478.07 + 21,841.34 + 22,560.92 + 26,868.60 = RM 24,749 Payback Time period: Undertaking DWDAE CO. , LTD A A A A Year 1 2 3 4 Cash Flow cyberspace ( Surplus-tax ) -67,000 23,345 28,385 33,425 45,380 Payback Period -67,000 -43,655 -15,270 18,155 A In Payback period It must be looked at the normal net hard currency flow 1st twelvemonth: -67,000 + 23,345 = -43,655 2nd twelvemonth: -43,655 + 28,385 = -15,270 3rd twelvemonth: -15, 270 + 33,425 = 18,155 ( Between twelvemonth 2 and twelvemonth 3 ) Payback period = 2 + -15270 = 2, 6768 twelvemonth 33,425 So its 2,6768 twelvemonth Discounted Payback Period: Undertaking DWDAE CO. , LTD A A A A Year 1 2 3 4 Present value of Cash Flow ( RM ) -67,000 20,478.07 21,841.34 22,560.92 26,868.6 Discounted Payback Period -67,000 -46,522 -24,681 -2,120 24,749 In Discounted Payback period It must be looked at the Present Value of Net hard currency flow 1st twelvemonth: -67,000 + 20,478.07 = -46,522 2nd twelvemonth: -46,522 + 21,841 = 24,681 3rd twelvemonth: -24,681 + 22,560.92 = -2,120 4th twelvemonth: -2,210 + 26,868.6 = 24,749 ( Between twelvemonth 3 and twelvemonth 4 ) Discounted Payback period = 3 + -2,120 = 3.0789 twelvemonth 26,868.60 So its 3.0789 twelvemonth Internal Rate of Return ( IRR ) -1,144 ( 30 % as rate in calculate PV ) 30 % ten 14 % 24,749 30 % Ten = -1,144 0 X 14 % 0 24,749 30 % ten = ( ten 14 % ) A- 0,00004622 0.3 ten = 0,00004622 x 0.000006471 0.3 + 0.000006471 = 0.00004622 ten + ten 0.300006471 = 1.00004622 ten X = 0.29986 IRR = 29.98 % Profitability Index Undertaking DWDAE CO. , LTD A A A A Year 1 2 3 4 Present value of Cash Flow ( RM ) -67,000 20478.07 21841.34 22560.92 26868.6 Profitability Index = PV of hard currency flows subsequent to intial investing Initial Investing Profitability index: 20,478.07 + 21,841.34 + 22,560.92 + 26,868.60 = 1.3694 67000 2. Project DWDAE Co. , Ltd WCHCME Co. , Ltd IRR 29.59 % 29.98 % Net nowadays value ( NPV ) 22,035 24,749 Payback period 2.6024 twelvemonth 2.6768 twelvemonth Discounted payback period 2.9576 twelvemonth 3.0789 twelvemonth Profitability index 1.4407 1.3694 Project WCHCME CO. , LTD. has more NPV comparison to project DWDAE Co. , Ltd. , even though it has a bit longer payback period. Since NPV method is preferred comparison to Payback period, we can reason that undertaking WCHCME Co. , Ltd is better than DWDAE Co. , Ltd. Of the rivals to NPV, IRR must be ranked above both payback and profitableness index. In fact, IRR ever reaches the same determination as NPV in the normal instance where the initial escapes of an independent investing undertaking are merely followed by a series of influxs. Based on the computation that we already done. We can reason that: WCHCME CO. , LTD. have more somewhat higher IRR and NPV than DWDAE CO. , LTD.. However, the payback period and discounted payback period in WCHCME CO. , LTD. have a greater clip line to payback their initial spending. Interestingly, profitableness index of DWDAE CO. , LTD. have greater value than WCHCME CO. , LTD.. Since this is a reciprocally sole undertakings, the profitableness index suffers from the graduated table job, which sometime besides suffered by IRR ( but in this instance IRR is non suffered ) . Although WCHCME CO. , LTD. holding greater cost than DWDAE CO. , LTD. , it besides provides a greater gross and increased in sum of gross. By all this affair, we conclude to take WCHCME CO. , LTD.. For the most match undertaking choosen.

Legal Aspects of International Trade and Enterprise Allegheny Technol

Question: Discuss about theLegal Aspects of International Trade and Enterprisefor Allegheny Technologies. Answer: Treibacher Industries, A.G. v. Allegheny Technologies, Inc Issue Relate to the case An Austrian seller entered into a series of contract with a buyer who is located in Alabama, (US) to purchase a chemical compound as a consignment. The contract has mentioned the specified amount of quantity to be delivered. As per the contract the buyer purchased the entire amount which was delivered by the supplier. However the buyer denied returning the unused compound to the supplier. The buyer denied on the two terms of the contract which states that it will not take any additional delivery of compound will not pay for the unused compound. Meanwhile the buyer found a seller who was selling the compound at a very low price. Later the seller filed suit against the party to recover the loss which was caused during the contract (CISG, 2016). In the above mentioned issues there was a dispute in between the parties regarding the term consignment. The buyer argued that no sale has occurred until the goods are consumed by them. Whereas the buyer argued that the buyer has an obligation to pay for the delivered item (Ferrari, 2008). Applicable International Law United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Vienna, 1980) (CISG) The purpose of the law is to provide a fair platform while making an international contract. CISG safeguards both the parties while making commercial exchange of goods. The formation of contract of sale is the backbone for development. Hence it is necessary to adopt a universal law to safeguard the interest of the multi-parties to the contract (Treibacher Industries, A.G. v. Allegheny Technologies, 2006). The adoption of the CISG helps in providing a modern, uniform legislation on international platform when the goods are sold across the border. The law provides a balance in between the interest of both the parties to the contract. It mitigate the scope of the private applicable law and provides a common medium to avoid the problems which are caused while formation of the contract. It governs the international sales of goods between the private parties excluding the sale of services and consumers. It applies to those parties who are living in two different countries. This act provides a common procedure regarding the breach of contract (Burnett and Bath, 2009). The aggrieved party needs the support in claiming the damages due to breach of contract between the parties. It is essential that the written contract should be formed in between the parties while making international contracts (Honnold, and Flechtner, 2009). The act applies only to the international transactions and avoids the applicability of the private international law. The contracts which do not fall under the scope of the CISG are regulated by the domestic law (Folsom ET al.2013). As a Plaintiff Treibacher has 6 complaints against TDY which are: Firstly there was a breach of contract as per the United Nations Convention On Contracts For The International Sale Of Goods, Secondly there was an anticipatory breach of contract in between the parties under the same law, Thirdly there was a breach of contract by the party under the Alabama law where the plaintiff was operating its business, there was a claim against the party under the Alabama law regarding , money owned and unjust enrichment, the plaintiff has a conversion claim as mentioned in the Alabama law. Lastly there was a misrepresentation by Treibacher regarding acceptance and payment for the goods (Leisinger, 2007). In the given case law the buyer misinterpreted the definition of the term consignment where the delivery term was mentioned in both the contract (DiMatteo, 2014). The plaintiff appealed on the ground of finding clear error in factual information which are false as per the article9 (2) which states that parties are bound by the term customary usage of the goods. It depends on the term which was defined by the contract as per the relation confined by the law. The defendant cannot deny on the fact that he has not consumed the goods which doesnt create any obligation on the party to pay the amount mentioned in the contract. It is obligatory on his part to mitigate the damages caused in the contract (Ferrari, 2011). Secondly, Article 9(2) has mentioned that the parties are considered to form a contract until and unless it is made applicable in the contract which is directly related with the International trade. The article is concerned with the terms and conditions to be considered while forming the contract. The plaintiff can argue in the court on the ground of the redemption given in the article which is regarding his support. In case of international trade the UNICTRAL law is applicable between the parties to bind the contractual relationship in case of any dispute which may occur in future date (August, Mayer and Bixby,2013). CISG governs the conduct of the party is essential while defining the relationship of the party with others. A statue should be interpreted in the manner it gives the relevant effect to the definition. The defendant tried to misinterpret the statue to give a false meaning to the article. Whereas article 8 of the CISG governs the conduct of the party is essential while defining the relationship in between the parties. The intention of the buyer was to breach the contract without informing the seller which was again an ultra vires act. Article8 (3) deals with the customary behavior in between the parties is essential to define the terms and conditions between the parties. Moreover the article protects the interest of the plaintiff while claiming the loss caused due to breach of contract. The plaintiff can argue on the ground that the from the period of 1993 and 2000 a series of contract were signed in between the parties TDY has kept the material which was received by the Treibacher as separate consignment book. Every time when the material is withdrawn from t he books it was mentioned in the consignment books and the invoice was sent to seller. At the last of the month TDY pays for the complete amount of goods which are withdrawn from the lot. This defines the customary usage an action between the parties for the period of 7 years. I the course of business in between the parties the conduct has defined the relationship in between the parties which specifies the dealing in between the parties has necessarily created the customary relationship which cannot be breached on the terms misinterpreting the term consignment. The parties course of dealing define the In the case law of Cf. Gonzalez v. McNary it was stated by the court that the meaning of statue should be constructed to give effect to the provision of the law so that it does not become inoperative and insignificant. In the given case law the defendant tried to defeat the statue which is necessarily too serve his mean purpose. It gives power to the Article (3) and 9(1) to highlight the customary dealing while dealing in regular course (Andersen and Zeller, 2010). In the case law of Newell v. Prudential Ins. Co the CISG has defined the contractual relationship in between the parties by defining the course of dealing in between them. There was no clear error in the formation of the contract in between the parties. The plaintiff has sufficient sources to appeal in the court of law. The court has defined the de novo relationship in between the parties while dealing with the various terms and conditions (Oceana, 2008). In the given case law of Bunge Corp. v. Freeport Marine Repair, Inc. it was stated by the court in the support of the plaintiff that the defendant has a duty to mitigate the damages which are caused during t he occurrence of the loss. This case has played a significant role in claiming the losses which the plaintiff has faced due to the breach of contract. Here the intention of the defendant caused a breach of contract which brings him under the obligation to pay the loss caused to the plaintiff. It was clear that he purposefully waived the clauses which were mentioned in the contract, to buy the goods from the other buyer at a low cost. The plaintiff have ample of evidences to proof in the court that the defendant has intentionally waived the context of the clause which was carried in between them since seven years. In the case if the contract term s are not mentioned clearly in the contract than the customary usage is treated as the contractual term. Both the companies were dealing with each other which make it clear that the purpose of the contract is related with the customs which are formed during the enforcement of contract. The meaning of consignment is under the preview that the actual sale has occurred in between the parties (Gillette and Walt, 2015). It is obligatory at the part of the defendant to pay the delivery charges to the plaintiff. The general principal of UNICIRAL is to mitigate the damages which are caused while making a contract in between the two parties. Summary of the Case Law The case law arise due to the contract which was executed in November and December of the year 2000, where Treibacher Industries, AG ("Treibacher"), an Austrian vendor of hard metal powders, settled to trade particular amount of tantalum carbide ("TaC"), a hard metal powder, to TDY Industries, Inc. ("TDY") for delivery to "consignment." After receiving a particular amount of the powder the defendant refused to take the delivery of the balanced goods. In a letter to the company it stated that it has no further obligation to buy or to pay (Meiners et al.2011). The defendant has purchased an amount of TAC from another vendor at a very low price. Hereby the plaintiff filed a case against the defendant to seek the damages which were caused due to breach of contract. Here the district court gave the decision rule under the United Nations convention on contracts for the international sale of good. Here the court has emphasized on the customary usage in between the parties as the parties were dealing with each other from a very long time. Further the court passed a judgment against TDY, which provides a compensatory benefit to Treibacher for $ 5,327,042.85 including the interest (Goode, ET al.2007) After the appeal made by TDY, the final court passed a judgment reviewing the decision of the district court. The court has stated that the district court has properly evaluated the contract under the CISG as per the dealings in between the parties. The meaning of the consignment was clearly mentioned in the contract which establishes the relationship in between both the parties to the contract. Here the c court affirmed the decision passed by the district court on the ground of CISG (Glinas, 2016). Conclusion It is clearly mentioned in the CISG regarding the contractual relationship in between the parties while entering into a contract across the border. In this case it was established by the court that if the terms of the contract are not clear than the customary usage in between the parties will be used in future dealings. The district court didnt commit any mistake while charging damages on the defendant. It is mentioned in the act that it is the responsibility of the defendant to mitigate the losses which are caused during the contract. In this particular case it was clear that the intention of TDY was to waive the payment for the goods they have consumed. It creates an obligation over the party to follow the guidelines which are mentioned in the act. The meaning of consignment should not be misinterpreted for the benefit of oneself. Under the international contract it is obligatory to follow the customary relationship in between the parties. Here the parties were dealing with each ot her for a period of 7 year in that case it is necessary to read the case law as per the law which is mentioned. References Andersen, C. and Zeller, B. (2010).Practitioner's Guide to the CISG. Juris Publishing, Inc. August, R., Mayer, D. and Bixby, M. (2013). International Business Law. Pearson EducationBurnett,R. and Bath,V.(2009). Law of International Business in Australasia. Federation Press DiMatteo,L.(2014). International Sales Law: A Global Challenge. Cambridge University Press Ferrari, F. (2008). The CISG and its Impact on National Legal Systems. Walter de Gruyter Ferrari, F. (2011). Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: Applicability and Applications of the 1980 United Nations Convention.Martinus Nijhoff Publishers Folsom, R. et al. (2013). Principles of International Business Transactions, 3rd (Concise Hornbook Series). West Academic Glinas, F.2016. Trade Usages and Implied Terms in the Age of Arbitration. Oxford University Press Gillette, C. and Walt, S. (2015). Sales Law, Domestic and International Concepts and Insights. West Academic Goode, R. et al. (2007). Transnational Commercial Law: Text, Cases and Materials. OUP Oxford Honnold,J. and Flechtner,H.(2009). Uniform Law for International Sales Under the 1980 United Nations Convention.Kluwer Law International Leisinger, B. (2007). Fundamental Breach Considering Non-conformity of the Goods. sellier. European law publ. Meiners, R. et al.(2011). The Legal Environment of Business. Cengage Learning Oceana, (2008). American International Law Cases: Fourth series Volume 7 of American International Law Cases: Fourth Series, 2006-. Oceana Treibacher Industries, A.G. v. Allegheny Technologies, (2006). (Online). Available at: https://www.unilex.info/case.cfm?pid=1do=caseid=1136step=FullText (Accessed on: 07/10/16) United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Vienna, 1980) (CISG),(2016).(Online). Available at: https://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/sale_goods/1980CISG.html (Accessed on: 07/10/16)